Useful Resources
For when you're feeling stuck.
Research Design & Analysis References
These papers provide guidance on various research designs and data analysis strategies. This section also has example papers to get you started. If you are feeling stuck for how to write up your results, I recommend checking out how different authors have written up similar analyses.
Please note, I have included a link to the article PDF where it is available online.
Scale Development
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Qualitative Research
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Replication
RCTs
Cross-sectional Design
Mixed Methods
G*Power
Boateng, G., Neilands, T., Frongillo, E., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., & Young, S. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149–149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
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Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2021). A practical guide to instrument development and score validation in the social sciences: The MEASURE approach. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 26(1). Access article here.
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Example scale development paper:
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Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal
of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
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Example development of a shortened scale:
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Donnellan, M., Oswald, F., Baird, B., & Lucas, R. (2006). The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective
measures of the big five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, 18(2), 192–203.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192
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The American Psychological Association has a sample template of a qualitative paper that you can access and then download in Word, here. The paper sample papers demonstrate APA Style (7th edition) formatting.
Example paper:
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Smollan, R. (2015). Causes of stress before, during and after organizational change: A qualitative
study. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 28(2), 301–314.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2014-0055
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The American Psychological Association has a sample template of a qualitative paper that you can access and then download in Word, here. The paper sample papers demonstrate APA Style (7th edition) formatting.
Example paper:
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Smollan, R. (2015). Causes of stress before, during and after organizational change: A qualitative
study. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 28(2), 301–314.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2014-0055
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Grant, S., Mayo-Wilson, E., Montgomery, P., Macdonald, G., Michie, S., Hopewell, S., & Moher, D. (2018). CONSORT-SPI 2018 Explanation and Elaboration: guidance for reporting social and psychological intervention trials. Trials, 19(1), 406–406. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2735-z
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Montgomery, P., Grant, S., Mayo-Wilson, E., Macdonald, G., Michie, S., Hopewell, S., & Moher, D. (2018). Reporting randomised trials of social and psychological interventions: The CONSORT-SPI 2018 Extension. Trials, 19(1), 407–407. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2733-1
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Spector, P. (2019). Do not cross Me: Optimizing the use of cross-sectional designs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-09613-8
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Levitt, H. M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J. W., Frost, D. M., Josselson, R., & Suarez-Orozco, C. (2018).
Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic and
mixed methods research in psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board
Task Force Report. American Psychologist, 73, 26-46.
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The American Psychological Association has a sample template of a mixed methods paper that you can access and then download in Word, here. The paper sample papers demonstrate APA Style (7th edition) formatting.
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Example papers:
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Yap, K., Bearman, M., Thomas, N., & Hay, M. (2012). Clinical psychology students’ experiences of
a pilot objective structured clinical examination. Australian Psychologist, 47(3), 165–173.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00078.x
Sheen, J., Mcgillivray, J., Gurtman, C., & Boyd, L. (2015). Assessing the clinical competence of
psychology students through Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs): Student
and staff views. Australian Psychologist, 50(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12086
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Download G*Power here.
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Learn how to use G*Power here (using the G*Power 3.1 manual; 5 October 2020).
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The correct citation for G*Power is:
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Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical
power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences.
Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. doi:10.3758/BF03193146
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If you are not required to use G*Power to calculate the minimum sample size, Tabachnick and FIdell (2019) recommends sample sizes for different analyses in their text:
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Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson
Education Limited.
Hierarchical Multiple Regression
PROCESS Macro
Moderation
Mediation
Example paper:
Bergin, A. J., & Pakenham, K. (2014). Law student stress: Relationships between academic
demands, social isolation, career pressure, study/life imbalance and adjustment outcomes
in law students. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(3), 388-406.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2014.960026
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Download the PROCESS macro for SPSS, SAS, and R here.
The correct text to cite when referencing PROCESS is: Hayes, A. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis : A regression-based approach (Second edition.). The Guilford Press.
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If you are using the PROCESS macro, and are having any issues, make sure to check out Hayes FAQ - it is very helpful!
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Example paper:
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Mak, W. W. S., Chio, F. H. N., Chong, K. S. C., & Law, R. W. (2012). From mindfulness to personal
recovery: The mediating roles of self-warmth, psychological flexibility, and valued
living. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01568-3. Access article here.
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Example paper:
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Bergin, A. J., & Pakenham, K. (2016). The stress-buffering role of mindfulness in the relationship
between perceived stress and psychological adjustment. Mindfulness, 7(4), 928-939.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0532-x
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MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of
Psychology, 58, 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
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Example paper:
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Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Fredrickson, B. (2011). Positive reappraisal mediates the stress-
reductive effects of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2(1), 59–67.